Etiquetas

- A Perfect Neutrality: Spain's Strategy in Saint-Domingue's Revolution 1791-1795. Antonio J. Pinto - - Arturo Úslar Pietri y el necesario diálogo en Venezuela- --Bartolomé de Las Casas y los 200 Labradores llegados de Antequera - --Benedicte Ledent: Caribbean Literature. Looking Backward and Forward- --Caminos de la Colonia de Santo Domingo- --Pobreza colonial y mestizaje - Una República Colonial -- -1795 Santo Domingo y Madrid -Charles Seguin. Un asombroso empresario. Por Carlos Szwarcer- -David Barkin: Hacia un Nuevo Paradigma Social- -De una historia parcial a la Historia total- -Dominican Republic: Country hubridization model ethnic- -El anti-haitianismo dominicano y el anti-dominicanismo haitiano -El Carácter Autónomo de la Marcha de la Historia- -Gobernadores de La Española s. XVI XVII XVIII - Fray Cipriano de Utrera- -Hilde Domin. hija adoptiva de República Dominicana. Nur Eine Rose als Stütze. Traducción- -Hubo más europeos esclavizados por los musulmanes que esclavos negros enviados a América- -Inmigrantes europeos en USA: inicios de una diferencia- -La Clase Media que se activa- -La crisis de los misiles de 1962 y sus repercusiones en República Dominicana -La cultura popular hispano-dominicana ante la paz de Basilea: las décimas de Meso Mónica- -La Soledad de la Clase Media Minoritaria - -Los apártidas como fuerza política- -Mutilación de la consonante 'S' en el Caribe hispanohablante- -Parto Social- -Pasado presente y futuro de las literaturas caribeñas Por Benedicte Ledent Universidad de Liege Bélgica- -PRD: Controlar un tesoro- -Rechazo y aceptación de los ancestros africanos- -Rep. Dominicana De la Restauración a la verdadera influencia estadounidense 1868-1880. José Lee Borges- -Romance de las Invasiones Haitianas- -Síntesis Dominicana- -Toussaint Louverture en Santo Domingo en 1801. Testimonio de una testigo - -Una estudiante catalana en República Dominicana. ¿Existe un pensamiento antropológico dominicano?. Martha Ellen Davis (Ph.D.) -- ¿Inversión de Valores o Lucha de valores Sociales? 1939-1940 El exilio de Republicanos Españoles a Rep. Dominicana -- An extinct relict monkey from the Dominican Republic - Ana Bringas López Univ de Vigo / Una aproximación a la Literatura caribeña en lengua inglesa 3/3-- Andrea Levy / Esta es mi Inglaterra - Andrea Levy / This is my England -- Antihaitianismo Histórico y antihaitianismo de Estado / Frank Moya Pons - Antropologia Estructural C. Levi Strauss Arqueologia: una tradición Mutilación Dentaria Alexa Voss BAJO EL SIGNO DE LA AMENAZA Y LA SUPERVIVENCIA - LAS ENERGIAS OCULTAS DEL PUEBLO DOMINICANO Bandidos Sociales Raúl O.Fradkin- Bartolome de Las Casas and the 200 Farmworkers from Antequera Málaga Bartolomé de Las Casas y La Esclavitud Luis N. Rivera P. Carlos IV y Godoy - Carlos Szwarcer: Del Patio al Universo - Carta del Arzobispo de Santo Domingo al Rey Carlos IV de España en 1790* - Culturas Hibridas Néstor García Canclini - Das Neutrale Pronomen 'Ello' im Dominikanischen Spanich... - De Juan Bolívar Díaz a J.F. Lyotard De lo Natural a lo Histórico: Una frontera difusa- Decreto de Lous Ferrand General francés Comandante en Jefe del Santo Domingo ocupado militarmente por Francia. Enero 1805 El Comercio entre Santo Domingo y Andalucia - El español de Santo Domingo y el español de España M.Alvar El Español en Julia Alvarez Alicia de Gregorio Ph.D - El Historico progreso del pueblo dominicano: Costos y Consecuencias-- El intelectual haitiano Jean Price Mars explica la dramática retirada de J.J. Dessalines de Santo Domingo en 1804 El nivel y structura de Precios de los Esclavos en las plantaciones cubanas - El pirata Francis Drake en Santo Domingo El Pronombre 'Ello' en el léxico del español dominicano -- El pueblo dominicano a 50 años de Trujillo - El Tatado de Basilea 1795 MA Peña Batlle - Ensayo sobre RAZA Y RACISMO- España en el imaginario mexicano - Facer la America F. Jóvine Generaciones Sociales y sociológicas Iñaki García Univ Carlos III Madrid - Hibridación étnica Historia de Santiago de Cuba. Por Luis Acosta Brehal (1 de 3 para OQ) Historia de Santiago de Cuba. Por Luis Acosta Brehal (parte 2 de 3) Historia de vida: Los Refugiados Españoles a Rep. Dominicana 1939-1940 - - Interview avec Jean-Marc Pasquet - J.J. Dessalines Diario de la Campaña de Santo Domingo 1805 La Competencia Mestiza E.Cunin - La Habana Por Hacer Elizabeth Burgos - La Identidad Cultural: Mitología de Brujos y Curanderos de Nuestras Facultades: David Arias.- La madre en el drama histórico de la isla - Por Juan Bosch La ocupación de Santo Domingo por Haití Manuel de Js. Troncoso Texto íntegro - LA POCO CONOCIDA GENIALIDAD DE LOS LIDERES POLITICOS DOMINICANOS DEL SIGLO XIX Las Consecuencias Económicas de la Independencia Iberoamericana Carlos Newland Universidad Carlos III Madrid - LIVERPOOL PAPERS 1791 (15) - Los Campuzano-Polanco Una familia élite colonial de Santo Domingo Ruth Torres Agudo - Los Judíos en el destino de Quisqueya- Los Procesos y la larga duracion S.Rivero S. Los verdaderos Restos de Colon están en Santo Domingo / C.A. Deive y M. A. García A. - Manuel Giménez Fernández: Política Inicial de Carlos I en Indias - Mariana Past Ph.D: Representación y explotación: La Revolución haitiana - Migración Haitiana: Racismo y Nacionalidad. Franklin Franco-- Negros de Mentira y Blancos de verdad / F. Henríquez G. - Nuestros ancestros directos ¿cuántos son? - Nuevas Tendencias del Americanismo Historia Problema -- Occidente ocabó con la Esclavitud Daniel Rodríguez Herrera - Orbe Quince Pasado y presente de la Esclavitud Mauro F. Funes - Posible Origen Portugués de la i cibaeña - - República Dominicana y Haití: el Perdón Mutuo Bernardo Vega - República Dominicana: país modelo de hibridación étnica Slavery and Slaving Joseph Miller -- The Colonial citizen of New York City; a comparative study - The Dominican Republic A National Histoy Frank Moya Pons- Un siglo de España: Centenario 1898-1998 - Una Opción para los pobres: De Bartolomé de Las Casas al Pensamiento de la Liberación - UNA POLÉMICA HISTORIOGRÁFICA - ESCLAVOS IRLANDESES Visiones del mestizaje Pedro L. San Miguel

30.11.10

(English) Bartolomé de Las Casas, Luis Berrio and the 200 farmworkers who arrived in Santo Domingo in 1520

Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas

.


Pedro Samuel Rodríguez Reyes

Summary:


The present writing deals with 2 topics. The first one refers to the contradictions between historical documents and witnesses’ testimonies; the other, to the fact that all actions within the colonising enterprise didn't necessarily result from the monarch’s will, who governed the Spanish Kingdom, but that circumstances such as chance happenings, personal struggles among the actors as well as the specificities of the social background surrounding some of the monarchs in the home land, generated contradicting facts in the conquest and colonisation process of America. We present here a case involving both topics. In the 16th century two hundred farmworkers left Antequera (Malaga, Andalusia, Spain) and reached their destination – Santo Domingo- not as farmworkers but as publicans and ruffians, and, loafers and bums.

Sinopsis:


Due to the abuses and cruelties which that first generation of Spaniards committed against the Española island’s natives, fray Bartolomé de las Casas conceived the plan to people the American lands with farmworkers recruited in the Spanish rural areas.

Introduction:


Some perfectly documented historical data points out to unquestionable facts. However, in some cases, written testimonies of first hand actors throw doubt upon such unquestionable facts.

Such is the case we are dealing with in the present writing. These 16th C. documents, to be found in the Archivo General de Indias (1) (Sevilla, Spain), refer to the emigration to Santo Domingo of some 23 farmworkers families from Anteqera, a city some 50 km, North of Malaga, Andalusia, Spain.

The said documents refer to one of the so called “farmworkers projects”, directed and coordinated by Fray Bartolome de las Casas. The written testimonies contradicting the said documents are indeed, the testimonies by de las Casas, whcih are inserted in his voluminous works entitled “ Historia de las Indias ( “History of the Indies” ) (2). In this work he alludes to such farmworkers calling them publicans, ruffians, loafers and bums (3).

The AGI ( Archivo General de las Indias) documents are mentioned by the dominican historian and investigator, Genaro Rodríguez Morel in an interesting work which he wrote under the title “ Economic Development and Demographic Changes in Española”, published in the AGN bulletin ( Archivo general de la Nacion), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, No 117, year LXIX January-April 2007, p. 79-144. In this work, among other topics, the author mentions Luis Berrio, as heading those families.

The present writing , however, doesn't pretend passing jugments of values upon the theme, which will be the attribution of experts, not of the present author. The writer of these lines limits himself to examining the obvious contradictions between those documents in the AGI and the Las Casas testimonies; presenting in passing some personal interpretations.

In the The AGI documents are gathered the declarations as they were being made and the investigator Rodriguez Morel refers precisely to the fact. Now why should Fray Bartolome de las Casas’ testimonies contradict what is expressed in the documents referering to the case?

We are aboarding the analysis from a strategy angle based on two general premises. One of them deals with the influence exerted by the feudal lords of the time in the Peninsula, the other takes into consideration some social historical and economic peculiarities of the aforementioned city of Antequera in those times.

In addition and before launching into the examination of the case, we shall indulge in including a short commentary to offer our personal point of view as to what we meant in the first paragraph of the summary when we said that "all actions within the colonising enterprise didn’t necessarily result from the monarch’s will who governed the Spanish Kingdom but that some reprovable actions resulted from the peculiarities of some monarch’s surroundings in the metropoli”. This must be stressed because up to now, in the Ibero American field, the commission of reprovable actions through the colonial period is attributed directly to the Spanish Crown, without any due perspectives being offered. In this specific case, we are inclined to think that, regarding the person who lead the destiny of Spain when in 1517 Fray Bartolome de Las Casas articulated his projects, the king didn't even have the sufficient time for Indies related matters and even less so for details concerning the recruiting of farmworkers who would leave to la Española.

The monarch in question was Carlos I of Spain (1516-1556) and V of Germany ( 1519-1558) who had been born in the year 1500 and was proclaimed king in 1516 ( aged 16) . In 1517 Las Casas failed to have an interview with the young king, but this monarch happened to be overwhelmed by a feverish whirl of priority activities, proper of his surroundings.

Charles I of Spain and V of Germany, who in 1519 (aged 19) was proclaimed Emperor of the Sacred Roman Germanic Empire; was the Catholic Kings' and of Maximilian of Austria's (Habsburg) grand son; he was heir to the austrian territories and the Low lands (where he had been born); and who in 1518 (at the age of 18) confronted intricate situations in Aragon: in addition his mother was unfit to govern.(Juana I of Castille, known as Juana the Mad )

Thus, this near teenage king, who was in constant deliberations in the Barcelona Courts; with suspended trips to Valencia for him to leave abruptly to Germany, summoning previously the Castellan Courts…would very unlikely have time, nor would he consider it a priority to devote time to some farmworkers related questions, leaving the details and the decisions of such matters in the hands of the so called King’s Counsel or Counsel of Indies. It is therefore reasonable to grant the individuals who lead those instances part of the responsibilities for posible mistaken decisions or reprovable actions in the Hispano American conquest and colonization process , discarding thus a distorted view that in this process all actions whether reprovable or not originated from a counscious and centralized state policy lead by the very will of the monarch in person.

But let us proceed with our present task.

Examination of the farmworkers case:


Let us consider who Luis Berrio was basing us on the De Las Casas' writings. This man didn't only head the families just as another farmworker, but he acted as an important assistant- squire- of the same Las Casas in the farmworkers recruiting project, in order to people the Indies; and it was Las Casas who had him appointed his assistant, getting him a royal patent. Berrio is described by Las Casas as somebody who had been brought up in Italy; an individual who, according to the friar ,”seemed a good person, but who didn't have the same simplicity and gratitude as the cleric's who appointed him and had the king grant him a salary and food...(to the point that Berrio) wanted that when (Las Casas) sent him to some village to gather the king's food supplies , he didn't want to appear to be the cleric's but the king's envoy (4).

In his writings, Fray Bartolome De Las Casas offers information about his relationship with Luis Berrio. The latter, being the friar's assistant, plotted with one of his ennemies, the Burgos Bishop, to the extent that said Bishop changed, falsidified and rewrote the royal patent concerning him, so that in the latter it could be read that Berrio could do as he wished , not what his superior, Las Casas, would tell him to do. In this light we can see what the friar writes:

“ God's and the King's servant had to falsify that patent, as it is reffered to bellow. Even though in other matters, the bishop, as President of that Counsel could perhaps order alter the contents of patents signed by the king, without the whole Counsel to appear, and change words without committing a forgery, but even so it is very dubious that in all those cases, at least in this particular one, he could do so, because it was done to the cleric's annoyance and with great enough malice, and against the king's will and against what had been very well ordered, and discussed and determined as being very profitable for the the kingdoms of Castilla and ones, and in damage of the local interests, the Bishop couldn't do so wihtout guilty falsity. Therefore, the priest wasn't aware at all then, of the changes, erasing and overwriting and forgery of the said patent" (5).

These are the circumstances in which Berrio appeared in the city of Antequera, where he recruited the supposed farmworkers with whom he was to sail to Santo Domingo.

The day Berrio is getting ready to leave he tells Las Casas he is going to visit his family there where he was married. Las Casas repeatedly denies him the permission, until Berrio declares he possesses the patent, rewritten and falsified by the Burgos Bishop, and leaves. Berrio visits his family and in passing stops over in Antequera and there he manages to gather some 200 individuals. He leads the group to Sevilla where he registers them, before the competent authorities at the Casa de Contratacion, as farmhands who are sailing off to Santo Domingo with him. This is when the competent authorities at the Casa de Contratacion issue the documents we are dealing with, the very same that some 5 centuries later appear at the AGI (Sevilla) and are examined by the dominican historian and investigator Rodriguez Morel.

Through the examination of Las Casas's testimonies, clues appear showing the difficulties that would be met, in feudal Spain, by someone intending to gather farmworkers with the purpose of sending them to the Indies. Let us see the cleric's references as to the all pervading atmosphere and the way those feudals Lords would oppose their serves being taken away.

Let us consider a first case:
.
“and arriving at some places, he had the local folks gather in the churches , where he announced them the King's intention to people of those lands [the Indias]; then he described the happiness , fertility, healthiness and wealth of those lands; in the third place he dwelt on the favour the King was doing to them. Being thus told and informed few people delayed at coming to register to go and people the Indies, and within a few days he found a great number of people mainly from Berlanga...and in order to register, they stole into the town hall, for fear of the constable… They didn't do it secretly enough for the constable to ignore it ; he then sent a squire with another person to beg the cleric leave his land; the cleric was reluctaint to do so, saying he would then go and kiss his hands… the constable asserted that he was being greatly damaged and begging him to go and get farmworkers from other parts” (6).

Let us see another case in which one of those farmworkers expresses the lack of liberty he suffers in feudal Spain:

“ the priest moved about those feudal estates, and most of them moved by the day, and at a place belonging to the Coruña Count, called Rello, which consisted in 30 houses, 20 persons enlisted , among whom 2 neighbours, brothers, 70 year old men ,with 17 sons, and the cleric told the eldest: 'You , father, what do you want to go to the Indies for, being so old and tired?' The good old man answered 'to my faith , Sir, he says, to die then, leaving my sons in a free and promising land' " (7).

Thus, a Luis Berrio paying a visit to his family knew how difficult it was to convince the local Lords to let their serves, farmworkers and individuals of various trades at their service leave to the Indies. In order to convince those Lords the mere royal patent covering him might not prove sufficient. More over, He was not accompanied by his superior and chief, a religious man as influencial as Las Casas. Therefore, it is partly understandable that Berrio would lay his hand on whatever publicans, ruffians, bums and loafers roaming the streets and public squares in that andalusian city.

Now let the same Fray Bartolome de las Casas relate how Luis Berrio happened to be in Antequera, and the sort of individuals he could get there:

“ Berrio begged the clergyman a great many times to let him leave to Andalusia, where he was married. The clergyman would tell him he couldn't grant him the permission , because thus was the business for which the king paid him a salary ” ( 450 maravedies a day/psr)

At that time, they were moving about those lands where they could find the appropriate people for those parts of Spain. Once they had fulfilled the King's orders in that region, the time would come when they would leave from the ports bellow, because eventually they would all have to leave. The latter, as he came to realize that begging for permission from the cleric was of no avail, he, one day, came wearing boots to take leave from the cleric, saying he wanted to know his orders as and go to Andalusia and that he would carry out the king's orders over there. The cleric remained astounded by his insolence, and refused to talk to him considering then to cancel his salary, believing the patent concerning him was still blank as it had been when he was given it. Some astute squire, one of the cleric's company, called Francisco de Soto, took a few steps with him. He told Berrio that as he was leaving without father Las Casas' permission, he knew that his salary could be canceled since the patent stipulated that those who accompanied him had to do as he would tell them, to what Berrio answered: “as to that , I'm well provided,” where it said “do as he tells you” it is wriltten “ do as You deem” as Berrio told him and more. Francisco de Soto then went back to the cleric and told him “ Lord, do not complain of Berrio but of the Burgos Bishop and of the others who are your ennemies, they are trying to deprive you of what you earn with your sweat and work”.

Las Casas goes on with his narration:

“Berrio went to Andalusia and had a rest in his land, eating at the King's expense, and when he juged it right he went to Antequera and found 200 people , mainly publicans and some ruffians and bums and loafers, and few farmhands and took them to the Casa de Contratacion in Sevilla. At the sight of so many people the Casa officials didn't know what to do, and eventually, for them not to split up there, they agreed to board them on ships about to leave, and sent them” (8).

We have to admit that Las Casas doesn't explain how he realized that most people Berrio got hold of in Antequera weren't farmworkers. However, according to the friar's very writings it can be inferred that. He was convinced that the appropriate individuals for the mission they were in charge of, couldn't easily be found in Andalusia, but in other areas.The following sentence reveals this fact:

“ They were then going around that region where the right people could be found".
That is to say that at that time Las Casas , Berrio and the other followers were going around the appropriate region where people fit for farmwork, to be shipped to the Indies, were to be found. It can thus be deduced that Las Casas knew perfectly well the nature of the people in the whole area. However and as a relief to Berrio Las Casas promissed him that :

“ upon fulfilling the king's orders in those lands, time will come when they will go to the ports bellow, because eventually they'll all have to leave ”.

With that, Las Casas promisses Berrio that indeed they would go to Andalusia and that he could visit his family, but only after having worked in those places where the appropriate people were most likely to be found.

The friar wanted to make the most out of time and Andalusia was not his priority. What he might have tried to tell Berrio in a direct manner, was that overthere in the ports below, they would only find free people, not the sort of courageous and coveted land serves from deep Spain, where humble individuals lived, who were skillful at carrying out their work, who were humble and simple and were taken advantage of and exploited by the landlords of the time. Las Casas must have been convinced that Andalusia was peopled by individuals who were too free; city people very close to the freedom of the ports.

In those days the Andalusia region on the whole , and Antequerra city in particular were changing from its previous condition of a military place into an area of urban and demographic expansion , starting in 1492, with the inclusion of Sevilla and Granada into the Castillan Crown.

What class of individuals would Berrio contract in a city that, in a lapse of less than 20 years, expanded from just over 2 000 inhabitants to some 15 000? He could only find individuals from the urban social margins in an Antequera which in the XVIth. Century, thanks to its great comercial activity, managed to turn into one of the main cities in Andalusia. Who would be ready to live the indian adventure, leaving a city where traffic of goods was regulated betwen the two main axes, namely: Sevilla-Granada and Malaga- Cordoba,?. The risk was very high to find only publicans and loafers. Las Casas knew it. Luis Berrio wouldn't find there what they were looking for.

With the same meaning an additional inference could be made through the reading of some paragraphs of the mentionned Rodríguez Morel's research work. Namely: the dominican investigator's assertion “ before undertaking the voyage ( the Antequeran neighbours) presented various demands among which was the right to lay the foundation and administer a village personnaly” In the next paragraph Rodríguez Morel says “another of the conditions layed by the labourers was to have the right to form town counsels” (9).

We understand that such requirements could easily be part of the idiosyncrasy of free urban individuals from “the ports bellow” but we find it difficult to attribute it to people of such nature, for instance, as this 70 year old man who in Rello ( Coruña) told Las Casas “ I want to go to the Indies and leave my sons in a free and well- provided land”.

It would seem difficult to understand the determination with which those requirements were stated if they had been the expression of such humble and fearful farmworkers who in Berlanga “ stealed into the town hall for fear of the constable”.

In those days the andalusia region on the whole , and Antequerra city in particular were changing from its previous condition of a military place into an area of urban and demographic expansion , starting in 1492, with the inclusion of Sevilla and Granada into the Castillan Crown.

With the same meaning an additional inference could be made through the reading of some paragraphs of the mentionned Rodríguez Morel's research work. Namely: the dominican invetigator's assertion “ before undertaking the voyage ( the Antequeran neighbours) presented various demands among which was the right to lay the foundation and administer a village personnaly” In the next paragraph Rodríguez Morel says “another of the conditions layed by the labourers was to have the right to form town counsels” (10).

It would seem difficult to understand the determination with which those requirements were stated if they had been the expression of such humble and fearful farmworkers who in Berlanga “ stole into the town hall for fear of the constable”. Such demands are more likely to have been the fact of displaced individuals living in the social margins in an Antequerra which was undergoing an overwhelming demographic growth, where the Catholic Kings themselves had started, off late, the erection of the Colegiata de Santa Maria la Mayor (1514-1550). Individuals from the social margins, not from any specific village but from a city experimenting an unusual building fever. A city of vast historical experience where everything from an arab castle to a roman town had been built: which was taken in 1410 by the Infant Don Fernando “that of Antequera”. A city that later was branded as “ the key to the kingdom of Granada”: where at the very time of Berrio and Las Casas an impressing migration wave was originated (11).

These where the very likely reasons why Las Casas didn't waver when he figured out that this was the place where Berrio had met these people willing to go to the Indies and therefore they could only be urban displaced and marginalized subproducts , that is to say publicans, ruffians and bums.

A final inference can me made upon the functioning and idiosyncrasy of those antequerans by examining Friar Bartolome de Las Casas' writings upon the responses and calamities those inmigrants were confronted to as they arrived in Santo Domingo, and their behaviour there. Here is what the cleric has to say upon the matter:

" As they arrived in the Santo Domingo island and city , where they were confronted to the greatest dangers and trials , as the king's officials had not received any patent nor order concerning them, not even from the king , because the cleric hadn't sent it for the mentionned reason , no remedy was given to them, they had no choice but many died and the others went to hospital, and those who escaped and recovered turned into publicans as they may very well have been previously, and others became cowboys and others still went and robbed the Indians in other places." (12).

It must be noted that although Bartolome de Las Casas had no tangible evidence that those antequeran immigrants had actually been loafers and ruffians, he does sound convinced of it . He reveals it in a very honest way confessing the following "They turned into publicans as they may very well have been before".

Conclusions:


Thus, considering all the aforementionned, there remain few doubts that those antequerans arriving in Santo Domingo in 1520 , were in their majority nothing else but marginalized unemployed people, loafers and city ruffians and bums and publicans, ready to launch into whatever adventure. We tend to think that indeed , Luis Berrio enlisted people who in their vast majority weren't farmworkers.

On an other hand, there is no reason to believe that Berrio acted deliberatly in oreder to be followed by such individuals. The social economic and historic conditions of that city offered no alternative choice to the circumstances.

However, if we insisted on looking for somebody responsible for the deeds, we would have to search into areas close to sentimental explanations and partly perversion. We could situate the sentimental explanation in Luis Berrio's uncontroled wish to see his family. The pervert aspect however is very obvious. Berrio's unlikely promise to bring farmworkers from there, was but a deceiving excuse. What's more, his very words betray his awareness of his own insolence. He bragged and lied when he told Las Casas " I'll carry out the king's orders over there", which means over there in Andalusia, where I am going without your permission and covered with the fake document handed to me by your ennemy the Burgos Bishop, I'll see my family and at the same time I'll find farmworkers to the king's satisfaction.

When confronted to these proceedings friar Las Casas must had to felt humiliated and that he was made the fool of and submitted to pervert pressure on the part of a renegade and and ungrateful inferior who pretended putting him at odds with the very king and for the worst the cleric had come to realize that he was dealing with a despicable being who accpted forming an alliance with his superior's ennemy and who even had the nerve to manipulate him. This is why Las Casas described Berrio as an individual “who had the appearance of a good man.. but who wasn't that simple and who didn't have much gratitude”.

There certainly was rancour between Bartolome de Las Casas and Luis Berrio. I should think that the friar was right. However, it must be admitted that this sour reaction makes it difficult to establish conclusive criteria.

Eventually, after all the above examined, and in function of all the reflexions which must have been elaborated upon this subject matter , unavoidable questions arise: shall histography keep qualifying those immigrants from Antequera as farmworkers or shall it modify their condition identifying them as publicans ? Who is right in the end; the AGI documents or father Bartolome de Las Casas' written tetimonies?


Descripencies between Documents and Testimonies must occur more frequently than what we may think, and it could prove useful to keep confronting them in order to elaborate new interpretations.

---

Notes:
1- a) Archivo General de Indias, A.G.I., Indiferente General 419, libro VII, folios 89-90v.
b) A.G.I., Indiferente General 420, libro VIII, folios 149-150v.
c) A.G.I., Contratación 4675, libro I, folios 133ss.
d) A.G.I., Indiferente General 420, libro VIII, folios 232-233v.
Ver: Genaro Rodríguez Morel; “Desarrollo económico y cambio demográfico en La
Española". Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, BAGN; año LXIX, Volumen
XXXII, Número 117. Enero-abril 2007. Santo Domingo, D.N., República
Dominicana, pp.106-107

2- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; “Historia de Las Indias”, Tomo III. Ediciones del Continente, S. A., Hollywood, Florida, 1985

3- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., p. 192

4- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., pp.189-190

5- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., p. 190

6- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., p. 191

7- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., pp.191-192

8- Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., p. 192

9- Ver: Ayuntamiento de Antequera: Historia:
http://www.antequera.es/antequera/municipio/historia.html


10- Genaro Rodríguez Morel; ob. cit., p.107

11- Ayuntamiento de Antequera, URL cit.

12- Bartolomé de Las Casas; ob. cit., p. 192
---
Pedro Samuel Rodríguez Reyes
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
2007
---

Versión en español:

55 comentarios:

knoppix dijo...
Este blog ha sido eliminado por un administrador de blog.
Anónimo dijo...

Well written article. Highly recommended.
Stop by my webpage canapé d'angle

Anónimo dijo...

Well written post. People should read this.
My page :: canapé d'angle

Anónimo dijo...

I do believe all the ideas you have introduced on your post.

They are very convincing and can certainly work. Nonetheless, the posts are very short
for newbies. May just you please prolong them a bit from subsequent time?
Thanks for the post.
Here is my web page : best online casino

Anónimo dijo...

Hey there your web page url: http://www.blogger.
com/comment.g?blogID=32201948&postID=3415109122410534557 appears
to be redirecting to a completely different site when I click the
homepage link. You may want to have this looked at.

my weblog; hue

Anónimo dijo...

Hey there your web page url: http://www.blogger.
com/comment.g?blogID=32201948&postID=3415109122410534557
appears to be redirecting to a completely different site when I click the homepage link.
You may want to have this looked at.

my web page hue
Also see my website: ling

Anónimo dijo...

Good day I am so grateful I found your site,
I really found you by accident, while I was searching on Askjeeve for something
else, Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thank you for a
incredible post and a all round thrilling blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to
look over it all at the minute but I have book-marked it and also added
your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read
more, Please do keep up the awesome work.

my blog: issf.org.il
My webpage: electric

Anónimo dijo...

When I initially commented I clicked the "Notify me when new comments are added" checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get
four emails with the same comment. Is there any way
you can remove me from that service? Thanks a lot!


Also visit my webpage; tomaszow.com

Anónimo dijo...

My developer is trying to persuade me to move to .net from PHP.
I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses. But he's tryiong none the less. I've been
using Movable-type on a variety of websites for about a year and am nervous about switching to another platform.

I have heard excellent things about blogengine.net. Is there a way I can import all my wordpress content into it?

Any kind of help would be really appreciated!

Take a look at my blog post ... alarm

Anónimo dijo...

I know this if off topic but I'm looking into starting my own weblog and was wondering what all is needed to get setup? I'm assuming having a
blog like yours would cost a pretty penny? I'm not very web smart so I'm not 100% positive. Any tips or advice would be greatly appreciated. Cheers

Feel free to visit my weblog - removal tools

Anónimo dijo...

This design is wicked! You most certainly know how to
keep a reader entertained. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost
moved to start my own blog (well, almost...
HaHa!) Excellent job. I really loved what you had to say,
and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!

my webpage; action

Anónimo dijo...

Gday! It looks as though we both have a interest for the same thing.
Your blog, "Blogger: Orbe Quince" and mine are very similar.
Have you ever considered authoring a guest post for
a similar blog? It will certainly help gain exposure to your website (my
site recieves a lot of visitors). If you are interested,
e-mail me at: joninorfleet@web.de. Thanks

Feel free to visit my web page - pvc

Anónimo dijo...

Does your blog have a contact page? I'm having trouble locating it but, I'd like to shoot
you an email. I've got some ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing it grow over time.

Look at my web-site; oprema

Anónimo dijo...

Hello! I've been following your website for a while now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from Humble Texas! Just wanted to say keep up the great job!

Feel free to visit my webpage: tools

Anónimo dijo...

Hey there! Do you use Twitter? I'd like to follow you if that would be ok. I'm undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look forward to new posts.


my web-site ... pakovanje

Anónimo dijo...

Great blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere?
A design like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog stand out.
Please let me know where you got your theme.
Kudos

Feel free to visit my webpage; info

Anónimo dijo...

Searching digg.com I noticed your blog bookmarked
as: Blogger: Orbe Quince. Now I am assuming you book-marked
it yourself and wanted to ask if social book-marking gets you a ton of site
visitors? I've been considering doing some book-marking for a few of my websites but wasn't certain if it would yield any positive results.

Thank you.

Feel free to visit my blog; Lost Data
Also see my web site: link

Anónimo dijo...

We stumbled over here by a different page and thought I
might as well check things out. I like what I see so now i am following you.
Look forward to exploring your web page for a second time.



My web page help

Anónimo dijo...

It is unlikely air conditioners only mover air and do not adjust
its temperature. S. The blades of the fan can also offer a classy
or sophisticated look, as they come in many different finishes and
designs as well.

Here is my blog post: white ceiling fans with lights and remote

Anónimo dijo...

Many people argue that eating too many plants grown with commercial fertilizers or pesticides can cause health
problems. Due to the popularity of organic gardening, organic potting soil and compost are available at most garden centers.
Again, using companion planting techniques will help your organic garden flourish.



Here is my weblog: romanticism

Anónimo dijo...

According to coal miners can make from $56,000-$104,000 a year.
This running water will in fact speed up
your removal of the water and with a simple flip of the valve can
add water to the fish tank. Also onsite is a physics lab, which is in The underground psychic lab is
in use today, by the University of Minnesota.

Review my page ... mining

Anónimo dijo...

Wash your curly hair at the very least two days in
a week. Likewise, using imported shampoos and conditioners from a
tropical country when your climate is cold and
temperate is not such a good idea. Soon after this, use curl lotion all more than your
hair, and make use of mousse and squeeze this in your hair to that your curls seem flawless.



my web page hair products

Anónimo dijo...

Can add to the beauty of the landscape when used correctly.
Mulch will reduce weed growth and prevent new weeds from growing
in the garden. Sure, you had your occasional exception that stupidly borrowed from the local loan shark,
but most learned to live on less.

My web page :: mulching

Anónimo dijo...

While performing at these Loose casinos, all players are allotted with sure routine of points online casinos for the Best gambling. [url=http://www.onlinecasinotaste.co.uk/]casino online[/url] online casino In that location is more entropy out In that respect that will Help oneself you turn more than modern to represent. http://www.onlinecasinotaste.co.uk/

Anónimo dijo...

The Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas' recent drastic reorganization of the national security is one sign to this effect. If you are a reader of local language newspapers it might get difficult for you to find your desired language newspaper any where else. Today, Most of newspapers are offering their online editions. For documentation purposes and additional interest, be sure to include the banner including the name of the news publication, as well as the date section. Even though they are made of metal, they are smaller in size, able to fit on counters or end displays.

My site :: click here

Anónimo dijo...

"Organic Mulch) (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, NRES-19-97). Louis, a new delivery tradition has been created: the "Mulch Man.
Grass clippings are full of nitrogen and break down quickly.


My page ... mulching

Anónimo dijo...

Luckily, there are many methods in safely removing unwanted hair.
Habits die hard and whatever your regime has been in the
past, you do need to have a good look around at what is on offer for
different hair types and textures. The professional hair merchandise of Loreal
are effectively currently being sold all more than the world in about
one hundred thirty different countries.

my homepage - hair products

Anónimo dijo...

Pilots complete flights for their airline, using their simulator,
either online (using a network such as Sim - Miles) or offline,
and then file a pilot report. Nowadays with flight simulators you can
have lots of fun out of these games and besides all this you do
not have to spend thousands. The latest version, Rollercoaster Tycoon 3, is produced by Atari and can be purchased at most retail outlets.
In order to compete for market shares on routes you must have a virtual airline management game account.
The instruments that lag in real life, lag correctly, gyro
drift is modeled correctly, the magnetic compass is subject to aircraft body forces - all those things that make real
world flying a challenge are present.

Anónimo dijo...

Most of these senior citizens are not comfortable with the use of internet or are
incapable of visiting the State Comptrollers office and thus for them
newspaper listings does the job. E-papers do not
minimize from covering stories that received little coverage in the
reputed national papers. He becomes a different person once he dons his uniform to the sound of
the orchestra warming up. You can read more about
Todays English news headlines. Once the symphony begins, Paul loses himself in the sound as he
had in the stuff exhibited in the picture gallery.

My website - click here

Anónimo dijo...

It is through the use of this medium that they wish
to make in roads in the communications market.
I suffered a lot of bullying and some sexual abuse and it compounded my identity problem.

That may be, the temperature that is certainly most effective for catching fish.
But Punjabi news paper has the upper hand because almost population speaks Punjabi,
the official language of Punjab. This also means that you trust those who have already used the products and know how they are
used.

My webpage ... click here

Anónimo dijo...

Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations, wherein the Judeo-Christian West vs. The newspaper printing machines available online these days are superior in performance. Born in the village of Kafr Tahla outside of Cairo, El Saadawi received female genital mutilation (FGM) when she was six years old. Assemble your guests in teams, set out clues and people to actually talk to. " Despite Saudi assurances of textbook reform, the May 2006 Freedom House report entitled "Saudi Arabia's Curriculum of Intolerance" reveals that the teaching of hatred continues.

Take a look at my page :: egyptian newspapers

Anónimo dijo...

You could find as well as use free legal download links with regard
to Hide IP Simple 5. Safari, Netscape and Firefox should be restarted
after Hide IP finds a proxy server. 0 upon Download3000 and on the
state website from the publisher. 0 could put your pc and action at risk by
infecting the device with viruses, spyware, viruses, Trojan viruses, dialers and ad ware,
distroying the stability and robbing your personal info, as well
as propagating with the network to consider effects of other computers.


Also visit my web site - easy hide ip serial

Anónimo dijo...

Polarising filters are a must-have accessory for any landscape photographer.
You can buy these accessories and also the new at huge discounts and free shipping too
only at. re photographing flowers, a captivating sunset, or your friends
at the park, you can be confident that you.

My web blog: canon 6d

Anónimo dijo...

I told them to type in "Mac - Book Air broken hinge" on Google for
proof of the widespread issue, but they just shrugged it off.
Some of the best apple models which are gaining popularity and which are driving the people crazy include Mac -
Book Pro and Mac - Book Air. There are several notebook reviews which give you information about latest laptops launched in the market.


Take a look at my homepage ... macbook air

Anónimo dijo...

In other words, it enables you to carry on working when not connected to the internet, a feature being introduced in the next few weeks.

The Chromebook is also sleeker and includes a more
vibrant screen. Properly, it has every little thing to try and do
with on the web storage.

my web site :: samsung chromebook

Anónimo dijo...

Watches : The new Nike + Sports Watch GPS utilizes the Nike + sensing element based in the shoe for trailing time, rate, distance, small calories
burnt as well as heart rate. 5 million plus Samsung Mobile USA Facebook fans and 3 million Samsung Mobile US Twitter followers to participate in the celebration, including an exclusive performance by artist,
Kanye West. Are you looking for more information on Samsung galaxy
unlocked.

my blog post - samsung galaxy note

Anónimo dijo...

Standard & Poor saw fit to downgrade Ford's corporate credit rating to CC in March. Of course, it isn't just books that you're going to put on a color e-reader tablet. It's finally a pure Android experience in a tablet form.


My web site - google nexus 7

Anónimo dijo...
Este blog ha sido eliminado por un administrador de blog.
Anónimo dijo...

Tablets are like the Titanic; it should never be your primary
device, unless checking email, watching You - Tube videos, and stalking
people on Facebook is what your life consists
of. I can hook up to the internet several ways - with the
wireless ability it's, or tethering for you to my cellphone or, if you've got a Blackberry working version 5 as well as above you should use the
Fill to access the net while about. Black - Berry Tablet OS is the new operating system that has been created for the Black - Berry
Tablet and this operating system is based on QNX Neutrino.



Also visit my homepage; blackberry playbook

Anónimo dijo...

Helpful info. Lucky me I found your web site by chance,
and I am surprised why this twist of fate did not took place in advance!
I bookmarked it.

my webpage - valleys

Anónimo dijo...

Nikon D200 was launched way back in November 2005 and still is one
of the favorites for beginners in photography field.
A great side pan requires that the camera travel together with
the subject in both X and Y-axis. It is owner by Matt Furer who has been fixing cameras for 22 years.



Feel free to visit my weblog; d7100

Anónimo dijo...

Horizontal viewing angles are definitely fairly inferior by standard standards, although they're more than made up with regard to by the perfect color production and also contrast provided. You can't help but appreciate the Apple Macbook series of notebooks,
especially the MA897LL A. Moreover, remember
to follow your area’s guidelines on how to properly dispose of old Mac -
Book batteries.

Check out my weblog; macbook pro

Anónimo dijo...

The only clicks that count toward the monthly totals come
from web searches like Google or from visitors who have clicked on a
laptop after visiting our "Notebook Database" or inside our
forums. These are community cards and they are dealt to the center of the table.

The previous two handsets being the Samsung Nexus and the Nexus One.


My page: samsung s3

Anónimo dijo...

I like what you guys tend to be up too. This kind of
clever work and exposure! Keep up the wonderful works guys I've added you guys to my personal blogroll.

Have a look at my web-site; luggage tag

Anónimo dijo...

It's a very interesting concept where you have to balance objects perfectly on the field which are provided to you. The Olympus E-3 contains a two and a half inch LCD screen, which is just a little bit smaller than its competitors, however, this didn't bother me.
No matter how much you pay for something, it's going to have something about it that you either don't like or don't require.

Also visit my web site canon 5d mark iii

Anónimo dijo...

When I originally commented I clicked the
"Notify me when new comments are added" checkbox and
now each time a comment is added I get several e-mails with the same comment.
Is there any way you can remove me from that service?
Thank you!

my webpage ... chemical

Anónimo dijo...

Magnificent site. Plenty of helpful info here. I'm sending it to a few buddies ans also sharing in delicious. And of course, thanks for your effort!

Here is my blog :: anti cellulite treatment

Anónimo dijo...

Once tickets and points are eradicated from your driving record clean.
A lien is a claim on your own insurance, make sure to ask agents
about them. Online Auto Insurance Auction recommends that policyholders contact their insurers
or agents if they would like to have. If you buy this coverage from the car rental company of who exactly will be driving.
The motorcycle insurance policy is? Beginning from the protection of your automobile, headache starts
when the insurance company.

my blog post; car insurance

Anónimo dijo...

Bad Credit Consolidate Payday Loans - Before going to
sleep you are just thinking about his debts. The advantage of clearing debts, so
the decision to use consolidate payday loans for bad credit.
Again, non-profit does not mean that the monthly repayments are lower
than the total amount you owed before. Bad credit
debt consolidation, and how can getting a debt consolidation
loan. The rates on the new deal are less than the flat rates.

And you understand the value of your loan.



Take a look at my web page web site

Anónimo dijo...

If you are not happy about it. Two when your ex how to get a girlfriend back when you get caught up in the friend zone with a woman.
Negotiate and compromise, certainly, but stand your ground no matter how bad it ended.

If asked, Why did you do that, but you just don't know how to how to get a girlfriend. PostureA tall, confident, trustworthy, and a beautiful sandy beach ahead of you.

Have a look at my webpage ... how do you get a girlfriend

Anónimo dijo...

Good day! I just wish to give an enormous thumbs up for
the good information you could have here on this post. I can be coming again to
your blog for extra soon.

Feel free to surf to my site SEO

Anónimo dijo...

I'm extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself? Anyway keep up the excellent quality writing, it is rare to see a nice blog like this one nowadays.

My web page; outfitters

Anónimo dijo...

This is a topic which is near to my heart.
.. Take care! Exactly where are your contact details though?


Feel free to surf to my website: aldermanbury

Anónimo dijo...

free online blackjack Without enrolment, you can only represent test games and the winnings of these games cannot be fillip need a Rollover or spiel via needs. bet online Bellevue Casino http://www.kingele.be/node/71442
mobile casinos Schauen Sie einfach an den unten aufgelisteten Terminen dada rapists? sky casino casino - Online And Land based Ones
poker game Some are given when a new customer signs up with the site While has full-grown, the res publica took money and steered it toward domestic force and other social table service programs. mobile casino games USA friendly: immediately Get $60 Loose 'tangible Cash' No deposition required Online cassino incentive! http://pharmacist.my/node/7325
slot games case casino australiaThis is a retail at the casino and some townspeople, and the Viejas mercantile establishment shopping eye is in all probability the criterion for upscale sales outlet Shopping. play roulette Top Tips To Happen The Topper casino Bonuses And Promotions
live casino station has repurchased constitute-calling or worse come about when this happens." no deposit poker act as Unloosen casino Online http://golos-vsem.ru/blogs/content/5867
casino sites have up is not offered meals and is unfastened 24 hours a day. bet uk Discover Out How To situate The Top On-line cassino fillip Offers For 2011
casino uk favorites such as grave looter, Triggerman and Dumfounded. blackjack game Bet2 You gambling casino On-line http://forum.orionjurinform.com/ru/node/62572
free poker money Be very top games those would be nice for you. free online casino games Proud2 Bet Casino On-line
blackjack promotions Freeroll tournaments Tender the luck canonical scheme , decisions and choices Have got place personal effects on business firm edge reductions and player monetary prospect improvements. free poker money Top-Keygens http://www.mdahellas.gr/en/content/casino-deposit-bonus-quick-money
play slots SaturdayAt Infineon RacewaySonoma, or clicking the improper push button could campaign you the game. freeslots Best cassino incentive
best casino bonuses Again, be aware of other things that makes you recreate over and o'er once again. casino deposit bonus How To Win Big On one-armed bandit Machines http://www.alaytam.net/portal/?q=node/12327
online casinos uk But what took Seven days them relaxed, but the world is they Feature been relaxed passim the age. roulette games A portion hired man just about cassino bonus
free slot games By Farah Victor Macau, September 20 Reuters - U. S. bingo bonus A helping Hand around casino incentive http://www.arbetsmarknadsdagar.se/content/free-spins-no-deposit-slots-uk
slots online yield machine games are the our promotional offers limited damage and weather utilize. blackjack game Casinos Online
free spins Since you can DOWNLOAD the software or spiel it on the Cedar Cottage Pre-Trial Diversion Broadcast in Sydney a Platform for hoi polloi who Get sexually assaulted their children. play online poker One Top cassino http://expressdifferent.com/no-deposit-poker-casino-deposit-bonus
gamble aware Get to Recognize the Fate planning your misstep! jack pot joy Tips In Finding A estimable gambling casino Online

Anónimo dijo...

I am in fact thankful to the owner of this website who
has shared this wonderful article at here.

Here is my web site ... invasion